David was wondering if he had done something wrong that had provoked Saul"s hatred ( 1 Samuel 20:1). Walking with God is sometimes confusing. We need to learn, as David did, that when we try to follow God faithfully some people will oppose us simply because we want to do God"s will. Their antagonism is not the result of our sinfulness but theirs. Jonathan assured David that he had done nothing wrong (cf. 1 Samuel 14:45), but Jonathan did not understand the intensity of Saul"s hatred for David (cf. 1 Samuel 19:6). He was in a state of denial. [source][source][source]
There are several oaths and strong affirmations in this chapter ( 1 Samuel 20:3; 1 Samuel 20:12-13; 1 Samuel 20:16-17; 1 Samuel 20:23; 1 Samuel 20:42). The one that David made in 1 Samuel 20:3 is very strong. He believed correctly that he was in mortal danger, and he tried to make Jonathan see this. Jonathan was open to anything David wanted to suggest to prove his point ( 1 Samuel 20:4). [source][source][source]
The new moon introduced the new month that the Israelites celebrated with a sacrificial meal. It was both a religious and a civil holiday ( Numbers 10:10; Numbers 28:11-15; cf. 2 Kings 4:23). David would normally have been present at the king"s table since he was one of Saul"s high-ranking military commanders. However, David evidently believed that Saul would try to kill him again if he ate with the king (cf. 1 Samuel 18:11; 1 Samuel 19:10-11). Hiding in a field seems to be an extreme measure. Why could David not have gone home to Bethlehem or stayed with friends who would have kept his presence secret from Saul? Perhaps David trusted no one but Jonathan now. [source][source][source]
Apparently David"s family held a reunion on one of these holidays each year ( 1 Samuel 20:6; cf. 1 Samuel 1:21; 1 Samuel 2:19). David told a lie; he did not go to Bethlehem but hid in a field. At the beginning of his period of flight from Saul, David resorted to trickery as well as trust in Yahweh. As this trial wore on, he learned to trust God more completely, as we shall see. His trials purified his character (cf. James 1). [source][source][source]
David proposed his test ( 1 Samuel 20:7) to convince Jonathan that Saul really intended to kill David. The covenant to which David referred was the one he and Jonathan had previously made ( 1 Samuel 18:3-4). David appealed to it and asked Jonathan to kill him himself if he must die, rather than allowing Saul to do it. David wanted to die at the hand of his friend rather than at the hand of his enemy. David had temporarily lost sight of God"s promise that he would rule over Israel. [source][source][source]
Jonathan refused to kill David but promised to tell him if Saul responded angrily as David predicted he would ( 1 Samuel 20:9). Jonathan then suggested a plan by which he could communicate with David without revealing David"s location ( 1 Samuel 20:10-11). [source][source][source]