KJV: And the great city was divided into three parts, and the cities of the nations fell: and great Babylon came in remembrance before God, to give unto her the cup of the wine of the fierceness of his wrath.
YLT: And it came -- the great city -- into three parts, and the cities of the nations did fall, and Babylon the great was remembered before God, to give to her the cup of the wine of the wrath of His anger,
Darby: And the great city was divided into three parts; and the cities of the nations fell: and great Babylon was remembered before God to give her the cup of the wine of the fury of his wrath.
ASV: And the great city was divided into three parts, and the cities of the nations fell: and Babylon the great was remembered in the sight of God, to give unto her the cup of the wine of the fierceness of his wrath.
| ἐγένετο | was [split] |
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Parse: Verb, Aorist Indicative Middle, 3rd Person Singular Root: γίνομαι Sense: to become, i. |
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| πόλις | city |
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Parse: Noun, Nominative Feminine Singular Root: πόλις Sense: a city. |
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| ἡ | - |
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Parse: Article, Nominative Feminine Singular Root: ὁ Sense: this, that, these, etc. |
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| μεγάλη | great |
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Parse: Adjective, Nominative Feminine Singular Root: μέγας Sense: great. |
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| εἰς | into |
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Parse: Preposition Root: εἰς Sense: into, unto, to, towards, for, among. |
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| τρία | three |
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Parse: Adjective, Accusative Neuter Plural Root: τρεῖς Sense: three. |
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| μέρη | parts |
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Parse: Noun, Accusative Neuter Plural Root: μέρος Sense: a part. |
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| πόλεις | cities |
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Parse: Noun, Nominative Feminine Plural Root: πόλις Sense: a city. |
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| τῶν | of the |
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Parse: Article, Genitive Neuter Plural Root: ὁ Sense: this, that, these, etc. |
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| ἐθνῶν | nations |
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Parse: Noun, Genitive Neuter Plural Root: ἔθνος Sense: a multitude (whether of men or of beasts) associated or living together. |
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| ἔπεσαν | fell |
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Parse: Verb, Aorist Indicative Active, 3rd Person Plural Root: πίπτω Sense: to descend from a higher place to a lower. |
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| Βαβυλὼν | Babylon |
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Parse: Noun, Nominative Feminine Singular Root: Βαβυλών Sense: a very large and famous city, the residence of the Babylonian kings, situated on both banks of the Euphrates. |
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| ἐμνήσθη | was remembered |
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Parse: Verb, Aorist Indicative Passive, 3rd Person Singular Root: μιμνῄσκομαι Sense: to remind. |
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| ἐνώπιον | before |
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Parse: Preposition Root: ἐνώπιον Sense: in the presence of, before. |
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| τοῦ | - |
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Parse: Article, Genitive Masculine Singular Root: ὁ Sense: this, that, these, etc. |
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| Θεοῦ | God |
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Parse: Noun, Genitive Masculine Singular Root: θεός Sense: a god or goddess, a general name of deities or divinities. |
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| δοῦναι | to give |
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Parse: Verb, Aorist Infinitive Active Root: διδῶ Sense: to give. |
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| αὐτῇ | her |
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Parse: Personal / Possessive Pronoun, Dative Feminine 3rd Person Singular Root: αὐτός Sense: himself, herself, themselves, itself. |
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| ποτήριον | cup |
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Parse: Noun, Accusative Neuter Singular Root: ποτήριον Sense: a cup, a drinking vessel. |
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| τοῦ | of the |
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Parse: Article, Genitive Masculine Singular Root: ὁ Sense: this, that, these, etc. |
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| οἴνου | wine |
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Parse: Noun, Genitive Masculine Singular Root: οἶνος Sense: wine. |
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| θυμοῦ | fury |
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Parse: Noun, Genitive Masculine Singular Root: θυμός Sense: passion, angry, heat, anger forthwith boiling up and soon subsiding again. |
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| ὀργῆς | wrath |
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Parse: Noun, Genitive Feminine Singular Root: ὀργή Sense: anger, the natural disposition, temper, character. |
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| αὐτοῦ | of Him |
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Parse: Personal / Possessive Pronoun, Genitive Masculine 3rd Person Singular Root: αὐτός Sense: himself, herself, themselves, itself. |
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Greek Commentary for Revelation 16:19
“Came into three parts” In Revelation 11:3 a tenth part of the city fell. Babylon (Rome) is meant (Revelation 17:18). [source]
Second aorist active indicative of πιπτω piptō First aorist (prophetic) passive indicative of μιμνησκω mimnēskō Babylon (Rome) had not been overlooked. God was simply biding his time with Rome.To give unto her Second aorist active infinitive of διδωμι didōmi epexegetic use as in Revelation 11:18; Revelation 16:9.The cup of the wine of the fierceness of his wrath (το ποτηριον του οινου του τυμου της οργης αυτου to potērion tou oinou tou thumou tēs orgēs autou). “The cup of the wine of the wrath of his anger,” using both τυμος thumos (boiling rage) and οργη orgē (settled anger). See both in Jeremiah 30:24. [source]
First aorist (prophetic) passive indicative of μιμνησκω mimnēskō Babylon (Rome) had not been overlooked. God was simply biding his time with Rome. [source]
Second aorist active infinitive of διδωμι didōmi epexegetic use as in Revelation 11:18; Revelation 16:9.The cup of the wine of the fierceness of his wrath (το ποτηριον του οινου του τυμου της οργης αυτου to potērion tou oinou tou thumou tēs orgēs autou). “The cup of the wine of the wrath of his anger,” using both τυμος thumos (boiling rage) and οργη orgē (settled anger). See both in Jeremiah 30:24. [source]
“The cup of the wine of the wrath of his anger,” using both τυμος thumos (boiling rage) and οργη orgē (settled anger). See both in Jeremiah 30:24. [source]
Reverse Greek Commentary Search for Revelation 16:19
The allusion may be partly to the pot of manna which was laid up in the ark in the sanctuary. See Exodus 16:32-34; compare John 6:48-51. That the imagery of the ark was familiar to John appears from Revelation 11:19. This allusion however is indirect, for the manna laid up in the ark was not for food, but was a memorial of food once enjoyed. Two ideas seem to be combined in the figure: 1. Christ as the bread from heaven, the nourishment of the life of believers, the true manna, of which those who eat shall never die (John 6:31-43, Hebrews 9:4); hidden, in that He is withdrawn from sight, and the Christian's life is hid with Him in God (Colossians 3:3). 2. The satisfaction of the believer's desire when Christ shall be revealed. The hidden manna shall not remain for ever hidden. We shall see Christ as He is, and be like Him (1 John 3:2). Christ gives the manna in giving Himself “The seeing of Christ as He is, and, through this beatific vision, being made like to Him, is identical with the eating of the hidden manna, which shall, as it were, be then brought forth from the sanctuary, the holy of holies of God's immediate presence where it was withdrawn from sight so long, that all may partake of it; the glory of Christ, now shrouded and concealed, being then revealed to His people” (Trench). -DIVIDER- -DIVIDER- This is one of numerous illustrations of the dependence of Revelation upon Old Testament history and prophecy. “To such an extent is this the case,” says Professor Milligan, “that it may be doubted whether it contains a single figure not drawn from the Old Testament, or a single complete sentence not more or less built up of materials brought from the same source.” See, for instance, Balaam (Revelation 2:14); Jezebel (Revelation 2:20); Michael (Revelation 12:7, compare Daniel 10:13; Daniel 12:1); Abaddon (Revelation 9:11); Jerusalem, Mt. Zion, Babylon, the Euphrates, Sodom, Egypt (Revelation 21:2; Revelation 14:1; Revelation 16:19; Revelation 9:14; Revelation 11:8); Gog and Magog (Revelation 20:8, compare Revelation href="/desk/?q=re+2:7&sr=1">Revelation 2:7, Revelation 2:17, Revelation 2:27, Revelation 2:28). Heaven is described under the figure of the tabernacle in the wilderness (Revelation 11:1, Revelation 11:19; Revelation 6:9; Revelation 8:3; Revelation 11:19; Revelation 4:6). The song of the redeemed is the song of Moses (Revelation 15:3). The plagues of Egypt appear in the blood, fire, thunder, darkness and locusts (Revelation 8:1-13). “The great earthquake of chapter 6 is taken from Haggai; the sun becoming black as sackcloth of hair and the moon becoming blood (Revelation 8:1-13) from Joel: the stars of heaven falling, the fig-tree casting her untimely figs, the heavens departing as a scroll (Revelation 8:1-13) from Isaiah: the scorpions of chapter 9 from Ezekiel: the gathering of the vine of the earth (chapter 14) from Joel, and the treading of the wine-press in the same chapter from Isaiah.” So too the details of a single vision are gathered out of different prophets or different parts of the same prophet. For instance, the vision of the glorified Redeemer (Revelation 1:12-20). The golden candlesticks are from Exodus and Zechariah; the garment down to the foot from Exodus and Daniel; the golden girdle and the hairs like wool from Isaiah and Daniel; the feet like burnished brass, and the voice like the sound of many waters, from Ezekiel; the two-edged sword from Isaiah and Psalms; the countenance like the sun from Exodus; the falling of the seer as dead from Exodus, Isaiah, Ezekiel, and Daniel; the laying of Jesus' right hand on the seer from Daniel. -DIVIDER- -DIVIDER- “Not indeed that the writer binds himself to the Old Testament in a slavish spirit. He rather uses it with great freedom and independence, extending, intensifying, or transfiguring its descriptions at his pleasure. Yet the main source of his emblems cannot be mistaken. The sacred books of his people had been more than familiar to him. They had penetrated his whole being. They had lived within him as a germinating seed, capable of shooting up not only in the old forms, but in new forms of life and beauty. In the whole extent of sacred and religious literature there is to be found nowhere else such a perfect fusion of the revelation given to Israel with the mind of one who would either express Israel's ideas, or give utterance, by means of the symbols supplied by Israel's history, to the present and most elevated thoughts of the Christian faith “(this note is condensed from Professor Milligan's “Baird Lectures on the Revelation of St. John”).A white stone ( ψῆφον λευκὴν )See on counteth, Luke 14:28; and see on white, Luke 9:29. The foundation of the figure is not to be sought in Gentile but in Jewish customs. “White is everywhere the color and livery of heaven” (Trench). See Revelation 1:14; Revelation 3:5; Revelation 7:9; Revelation 14:14; Revelation 19:8, Revelation 19:11, Revelation 19:14; Revelation 20:11. It is the bright, glistering white. Compare Matthew 28:3; Luke 24:4; John 20:12; Revelation 20:11; Daniel 7:9. It is impossible to fix the meaning of the symbol with any certainty. The following are some of the principal views: The Urim and Thummim concealed within the High-Priest's breastplate of judgment. This is advocated by Trench, who supposes that the Urim was a peculiarly rare stone, possibly the diamond, and engraven with the ineffable name of God. The new name he regards as the new name of God or of Christ (Revelation 3:12); some revelation of the glory of God which can be communicated to His people only in the higher state of being, and which they only can understand who have actually received. -DIVIDER- -DIVIDER- Professor Milligan supposes an allusion to the plate of gold worn on the High-Priest's forehead, and inscribed with the words “Holiness to the Lord,” but, somewhat strangely, runs the figure into the stone or pebble used in voting, and regards the white stone as carrying the idea of the believer's acquittal at the hands of God. -DIVIDER- -DIVIDER- Dean Plumptre sees in the stone the signet by which, in virtue of its form or of the characters inscribed on it, he who possessed it could claim from the friend who gave it, at any distance of time, a frank and hearty welcome; and adds to this an allusion to the custom of presenting such a token, with the guest's name upon it, of admission to the feast given to those who were invited to partake within the temple precincts - a feast which consisted wholly or in part of sacrificial meats. -DIVIDER- -DIVIDER- Others, regarding the connection of the stone with the manna, refer to the use of the lot cast among the priests in order to determine which one should offer the sacrifice. -DIVIDER- -DIVIDER- Others, to the writing of a candidate's name at an election by ballot upon a stone or bean. -DIVIDER- -DIVIDER- In short, the commentators are utterly divided, and the true interpretation remains a matter of conjecture.A new nameSome explain the new name of God or of Christ (compare Revelation 3:12); others, of the recipient's own name. “A new name however, a revelation of his everlasting title as a son of God to glory in Christ, but consisting of and revealed in those personal marks and signs of God's peculiar adoption of himself, which he and none other is acquainted with” (Alford). Bengel says: “Wouldst thou know what kind of a new name thou wilt obtain? Overcome. Before that thou wilt ask in vain, and after that thou wilt soon read it inscribed on the white stone.” [source]
“Upon,” as in Revelation 11:6, with genitive Clearly Jerusalem in view of the closing clause (οπουεσταυρωτη hopou- ητις estaurōthē), though not here called “the holy city” as in Revelation 11:2, and though elsewhere in the Apocalypse Babylon (Rome) is so described (Revelation 14:8; Revelation 16:19; Revelation 17:5; Revelation 18:2, Revelation 18:10, Revelation 18:16, Revelation 18:18, Revelation 18:19, Revelation 18:21).Which Which very city, not “whichever.”Spiritually (πνευματικος pneumatikōs). This late adverb from πνευματικος pneumatikos (spiritual) occurs in the N.T. only twice, in 1 Corinthians 2:14 for the help of the Holy Spirit in interpreting God‘s message and here in a hidden or mystical (allegorical sense). For this use of οπου και ο κυριος αυτων εσταυρωτη pneumatikos see 1 Corinthians 10:3. Judah is called Sodom in Isaiah 1:9.; Ezekiel 16:46, Ezekiel 16:55. See also Matthew 10:15; Matthew 11:23. Egypt is not applied to Israel in the O.T., but is “an obvious symbol of oppression and slavery” (Swete).Where also their Lord was crucified First aorist passive indicative of stauroō to crucify, a reference to the fact of Christ‘s crucifixion in Jerusalem. This item is one of the sins of Jerusalem and the disciple is not greater than the Master (John 15:20). [source]
Clearly Jerusalem in view of the closing clause (οπουεσταυρωτη hopou- ητις estaurōthē), though not here called “the holy city” as in Revelation 11:2, and though elsewhere in the Apocalypse Babylon (Rome) is so described (Revelation 14:8; Revelation 16:19; Revelation 17:5; Revelation 18:2, Revelation 18:10, Revelation 18:16, Revelation 18:18, Revelation 18:19, Revelation 18:21). [source]
Prophetic aorist active indicative of πεπτωκεν πεπτωκεν piptō repeated as a solemn dirge announcing the certainty of the fall. The English participle “fallen, fallen” is more musical and rhythmical than the literal rendering “fell, fell.” The language is an echo of Isaiah 21:9, though B in the lxx has αβυλων η μαγαλη peptōkenμεγαλη peptōken (perfect).Babylon the great (αβυλων Babulōn hē magalē). The adjective πεποτικεν megalē occurs with ποτιζω Babulōn each time in the Apocalypse (Revelation 14:8; Revelation 16:19; Revelation 17:5; Revelation 18:2, Revelation 18:10, Revelation 18:21) as a reminder of Nebuchadrezzar. There is no doubt that Rome is meant by Babylon, as is probably seen already in 1 Peter 5:13. As a prisoner in Patmos John can speak his mind by this symbolism.Hath made to drink Perfect active indicative of potizō old causative verb (from potos drinking, 1 Peter 4:3), as in Matthew 25:35. The remarkable phrase that follows seems based on Jeremiah 51:8 (Jeremiah 25:15). It is a combination also of Revelation 14:10 (the wine of God‘s wrath, also in Revelation 16:19; Revelation 19:15) and Revelation 17:2. There is no doubt of the dissoluteness of the old Babylon of Jeremiah‘s day as of the Rome of John‘s time. Rome is pictured as the great courtesan who intoxicates and beguiles the nations to fornication (Revelation 17:2, Revelation 17:4, Revelation 17:6), but the cup of God‘s wrath for her and her paramours is full (Revelation 14:10; Revelation 16:19; Revelation 18:2). [source]
The adjective πεποτικεν megalē occurs with ποτιζω Babulōn each time in the Apocalypse (Revelation 14:8; Revelation 16:19; Revelation 17:5; Revelation 18:2, Revelation 18:10, Revelation 18:21) as a reminder of Nebuchadrezzar. There is no doubt that Rome is meant by Babylon, as is probably seen already in 1 Peter 5:13. As a prisoner in Patmos John can speak his mind by this symbolism. [source]
Perfect active indicative of potizō old causative verb (from potos drinking, 1 Peter 4:3), as in Matthew 25:35. The remarkable phrase that follows seems based on Jeremiah 51:8 (Jeremiah 25:15). It is a combination also of Revelation 14:10 (the wine of God‘s wrath, also in Revelation 16:19; Revelation 19:15) and Revelation 17:2. There is no doubt of the dissoluteness of the old Babylon of Jeremiah‘s day as of the Rome of John‘s time. Rome is pictured as the great courtesan who intoxicates and beguiles the nations to fornication (Revelation 17:2, Revelation 17:4, Revelation 17:6), but the cup of God‘s wrath for her and her paramours is full (Revelation 14:10; Revelation 16:19; Revelation 18:2). [source]
Repeating εβαλεν ebalen and referring to αμπελον ampelon (vintage) just before.Into the winepress the great winepress (εις την ληνον τον μεγαν eis tēn lēnon ton megan). Ληνος Lēnos is either feminine as in Revelation 14:20; Revelation 19:15, or masculine sometimes in ancient Greek. Here we have both genders, a solecism frequent in the Apocalypse (Revelation 21:14 το τειχος εχων to teichos echōn). See Matthew 21:33. For this metaphor of God s wrath see Revelation 14:10; Revelation 15:1, Revelation 15:7; Revelation 16:1, Revelation 16:19; Revelation 19:15. [source]
Ληνος Lēnos is either feminine as in Revelation 14:20; Revelation 19:15, or masculine sometimes in ancient Greek. Here we have both genders, a solecism frequent in the Apocalypse (Revelation 21:14 το τειχος εχων to teichos echōn). See Matthew 21:33. For this metaphor of God s wrath see Revelation 14:10; Revelation 15:1, Revelation 15:7; Revelation 16:1, Revelation 16:19; Revelation 19:15. [source]
Future active of δεικνυμι deiknumi It is fitting that one of the seven angels that had the seven bowls should explain the judgment on Babylon (Revelation 16:19) already pronounced (Revelation 14:8). That is now done in chapters Rev 17; 18. [source]
Change to present tense of πατεω pateō to tread (here transitive), with solemn repetition of και αυτος kai autos winepress of the fierceness of the wrath of Almighty God Literally, “the winepress of the wine of the wrath of the anger of God the Almighty” (four genitives dependent on one another and on ληνον lēnon). These images are here combined from Revelation 14:8, Revelation 14:10, Revelation 14:19.; Revelation 16:19. The fact is already in Revelation 19:13 after Isaiah 63:1. [source]
This use of εις eis in the predicate with γινομαι ginomai is common in the lxx and the N.T. (Revelation 16:19; John 16:20; Acts 5:36).Of the waters (εκ των υδατων ek tōn hudatōn). As a result of (εκ ek) the use of the poisoned waters.Were made bitter First aorist passive indicative of πικραινω pikrainō Old verb (from πικρος pikros bitter), as in Revelation 10:9. In a metaphorical sense to embitter in Colossians 3:19. [source]
Note εκ ek (partitive) after πιεται pietai In Revelation 16:19; Revelation 19:15 we have both τυμου thumou and οργης orgēs (wrath of the anger of God). The white heat of God‘s anger, held back through the ages, will be turned loose.Prepared unmixed (του κεκερασμενου ακρατου tou kekerasmenou akratou). A bold and powerful oxymoron, “the mixed unmixed.” Ακρατος Akratos is an old adjective (alpha privative and κεραννυμι kerannumi to mix) used of wine unmixed with water (usually so mixed), here only in N.T. So it is strong wine mixed (perfect passive participle of κεραννυμι kerannumi) with spices to make it still stronger (cf. Psalm 75:9).In the cup of his anger Both τυμος thumos (vehement fury) and οργη orgē (settled indignation).He shall be tormented (βασανιστησεται basanisthēsetai). Future passive of βασανιζω basanizō See Revelation 9:5; Revelation 11:10.With fire and brimstone See Revelation 9:17 for fire and brimstone and also Revelation 19:20; Revelation 20:10; Revelation 21:8. The imagery is already in Genesis 19:24; Isaiah 30:33; Ezekiel 38:22.In the presence of the holy angels and in the presence of the Lamb (ενωπιον αγγελων αγιων και ενωπιον του αρνιου enōpion aggelōn hagiōn kai enōpion tou arniou). This holy environment adds to the punishment. [source]
Like ετεριστη etheristhē in Revelation 14:16, in obedience to the instructions in Revelation 14:18 “The vine of the earth.” Here αμπελος ampelos is used for the enemies of Christ collectively pictured.And cast it Repeating εβαλεν ebalen and referring to αμπελον ampelon (vintage) just before.Into the winepress the great winepress (εις την ληνον τον μεγαν eis tēn lēnon ton megan). Ληνος Lēnos is either feminine as in Revelation 14:20; Revelation 19:15, or masculine sometimes in ancient Greek. Here we have both genders, a solecism frequent in the Apocalypse (Revelation 21:14 το τειχος εχων to teichos echōn). See Matthew 21:33. For this metaphor of God s wrath see Revelation 14:10; Revelation 15:1, Revelation 15:7; Revelation 16:1, Revelation 16:19; Revelation 19:15. [source]
Perfect active third personal of πιπτω piptō for usual πεπτωκασι peptōkasi Some MSS. read πεπωκαν pepōkan (have drunk), from πινω pinō like the metaphor in Revelation 14:8, Revelation 14:10; Revelation 16:19; Revelation 17:2. See Revelation 17:2 for the same charge about the kings of the earth.The merchants of the earth (οι εμποροι της γης hoi emporoi tēs gēs). Old word for one on a journey for trade (from εν πορος enεμποριον poros), like drummers, in N.T. only Matthew 13:45; Revelation 18:3, Revelation 18:11, Revelation 18:15, Revelation 18:23. Like εμπορευομαι emporion (John 2:16) and επλουτησαν emporeuomai (James 4:13).Waxed rich First ingressive aorist active indicative of του στρηνους αυτης plouteō to be rich (cf. Revelation 3:17). Here alone in the N.T. do we catch a glimpse of the vast traffic between east and west that made Rome rich.Of her wantonness (στρηνιαω tou strēnous autēs). Late word for arrogance, luxury, here alone in N.T. See strēniaō in Revelation 18:7, Revelation 18:9, to live wantonly. [source]
Purpose clause with ινα hina and the first aorist active subjunctive of πατασσω patassō old verb already in Revelation 11:6 and like Isaiah 11:4, a figure here for forensic and judicial condemnation.And he shall rule them (και αυτος ποιμανει kai autos poimanei). Emphatic use of αυτος autos twice (he himself). Future active of ποιμαινω poimainō to shepherd as in Revelation 2:27; Revelation 12:5 “with a rod of iron” (εν ραβδωι σιδηραι en rabdōi sidērāi) as there. See 1 Peter 2:25; Hebrews 13:20 for Christ as Shepherd.And he treadeth Change to present tense of πατεω pateō to tread (here transitive), with solemn repetition of και αυτος kai autos winepress of the fierceness of the wrath of Almighty God Literally, “the winepress of the wine of the wrath of the anger of God the Almighty” (four genitives dependent on one another and on ληνον lēnon). These images are here combined from Revelation 14:8, Revelation 14:10, Revelation 14:19.; Revelation 16:19. The fact is already in Revelation 19:13 after Isaiah 63:1. [source]