KJV: Having the understanding darkened, being alienated from the life of God through the ignorance that is in them, because of the blindness of their heart:
YLT: being darkened in the understanding, being alienated from the life of God, because of the ignorance that is in them, because of the hardness of their heart,
Darby: being darkened in understanding, estranged from the life of God by reason of the ignorance which is in them, by reason of the hardness of their hearts,
ASV: being darkened in their understanding, alienated from the life of God, because of the ignorance that is in them, because of the hardening of their heart;
ἐσκοτωμένοι | being darkened |
Parse: Verb, Perfect Participle Middle or Passive, Nominative Masculine Plural Root: σκοτόω Sense: to darken, cover with darkness. |
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τῇ | in the |
Parse: Article, Dative Feminine Singular Root: ὁ Sense: this, that, these, etc. |
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διανοίᾳ | understanding |
Parse: Noun, Dative Feminine Singular Root: διάνοια Sense: the mind as a faculty of understanding, feeling, desiring. |
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ὄντες | being |
Parse: Verb, Present Participle Active, Nominative Masculine Plural Root: εἰμί Sense: to be, to exist, to happen, to be present. |
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ἀπηλλοτριωμένοι | alienated from |
Parse: Verb, Perfect Participle Middle or Passive, Nominative Masculine Plural Root: ἀπαλλοτριόω Sense: to alienate, estrange. |
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ζωῆς | life |
Parse: Noun, Genitive Feminine Singular Root: ζωή Sense: life. |
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τοῦ | - |
Parse: Article, Genitive Masculine Singular Root: ὁ Sense: this, that, these, etc. |
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Θεοῦ | of God |
Parse: Noun, Genitive Masculine Singular Root: θεός Sense: a god or goddess, a general name of deities or divinities. |
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διὰ | because of |
Parse: Preposition Root: διά Sense: through. |
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ἄγνοιαν | ignorance |
Parse: Noun, Accusative Feminine Singular Root: ἄγνοια Sense: lack of knowledge, ignorance. |
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τὴν | - |
Parse: Article, Accusative Feminine Singular Root: ὁ Sense: this, that, these, etc. |
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οὖσαν | being |
Parse: Verb, Present Participle Active, Accusative Feminine Singular Root: εἰμί Sense: to be, to exist, to happen, to be present. |
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διὰ | on account of |
Parse: Preposition Root: διά Sense: through. |
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πώρωσιν | hardness |
Parse: Noun, Accusative Feminine Singular Root: πήρωσις Sense: the covering with a callus. |
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τῆς | of the |
Parse: Article, Genitive Feminine Singular Root: ὁ Sense: this, that, these, etc. |
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καρδίας | heart |
Parse: Noun, Genitive Feminine Singular Root: καρδία Sense: the heart. |
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αὐτῶν | of them |
Parse: Personal / Possessive Pronoun, Genitive Neuter 3rd Person Plural Root: αὐτός Sense: himself, herself, themselves, itself. |
Greek Commentary for Ephesians 4:18
Periphrastic perfect passive participle of σκοτοω skotoō old verb from σκοτος skotos (darkness), in N.T. only here and Revelation 9:2; Revelation 16:10. [source]
Locative case. Probably διανοια dianoia It is possible to take απηλλοτριωμενοι ontes with εσκοτωμενοι apēllotriōmenoi (see note on Ephesians 2:12) which would then be periphrastic (instead of της ζωης του τεου eskotōmenoi) perfect passive participle. From the life of God (ζωης tēs zōēs tou theou). Ablative case απηλλοτριωμενοι zōēs after δια την αγνοιαν apēllotriōmenoi (Ephesians 2:12). Because of the ignorance Old word from πωρωσιν agnoeō not to know. Rare in N.T. See note on Acts 3:17. Hardening (pōrōsin). Late medical term (Hippocrates) for callous hardening. Only other N.T. examples are Mark 3:5; Romans 11:25. [source]
Ablative case απηλλοτριωμενοι zōēs after δια την αγνοιαν apēllotriōmenoi (Ephesians 2:12). [source]
Old word from πωρωσιν agnoeō not to know. Rare in N.T. See note on Acts 3:17. Hardening (pōrōsin). Late medical term (Hippocrates) for callous hardening. Only other N.T. examples are Mark 3:5; Romans 11:25. [source]
Late medical term (Hippocrates) for callous hardening. Only other N.T. examples are Mark 3:5; Romans 11:25. [source]
See on Luke 1:51. The moral understanding. [source]
See on John 1:4. The life which God bestows; life in Christ. See 1 John 5:11. [source]
The cause of the alienation. Not to be construed with darkened, since ignorance is the effect, and not the cause, of the darkness of the understanding. [source]
The participle of the substantive verb expresses the deep-seated, indwelling character of the ignorance. [source]
See on Mark 3:5. Dependent, like ignorance, on alienated. Arrange the whole clause thus:The Gentiles walk in the vanity of their mind,being darkened in their understanding, being alienated from the life of God,because of the ignorance that is in them,because of the hardening of their heart. [source]
Reverse Greek Commentary Search for Ephesians 4:18
From πῶρος , a kind of marble, and thence used of a callus on fractured bones. Πώρωσις is originally the process by which the extremities of fractured bones are united by a callus. Hence of callousness, or hardness in general. The word occurs in two other passages in the New Testament, Romans 11:25; Ephesians 4:18, where the A. V. wrongly renders blindness, following the Vulgate caecitas. It is somewhat strange that it does not adopt that rendering here (Vulgate, caecitate ) which is given by both Wyc. and Tynd. The Rev. in all the passages rightly gives hardening, which is better than hardness, because it hints at the process going on. Mark only records Christ's feeling on this occasion. [source]
Late word from πωροω pōroō (Romans 11:7). Occurs in Hippocrates as a medical term, only here in N.T. save Mark 3:5; Ephesians 4:18. It means obtuseness of intellectual discernment, mental dulness. [source]
“Wise in yourselves.” Some MSS. read παρ εαυτοις par' heautois (by yourselves). Negative purpose here Late word from πωροω pōroō (Romans 11:7). Occurs in Hippocrates as a medical term, only here in N.T. save Mark 3:5; Ephesians 4:18. It means obtuseness of intellectual discernment, mental dulness. In part Goes with the verb γεγονεν gegonen (has happened in part). For απο μερους apo merous see note on 2 Corinthians 1:14; 2 Corinthians 2:5; Romans 15:24; for ανα μερος ana meros see note on 1 Corinthians 14:27; for εκ μερους ek merous see note on 1 Corinthians 12:27; 1 Corinthians 13:9; for κατα μερος kata meros see note on Hebrews 9:5; for μερος τι meros ti (adverbial accusative) partly see note on 1 Corinthians 11:18. Paul refuses to believe that no more Jews will be saved. Until the fulness of the Gentiles be come in (αχρι ου το πληρωμα των ετνων εισελτηι achri hou to plērōma tōn ethnōn eiselthēi). Temporal clause with αχρι ου achri hou (until which time) and the second aorist active subjunctive of εισερχομαι eiserchomai to come in (Matthew 7:13, Matthew 7:21). For fulness of the Gentiles (το πληρωμα των ετνων to plērōma tōn ethnōn) see Romans 11:12, the complement of the Gentiles. [source]
Periphrastic perfect passive participle (continuing state of alienation) of απαλλοτριοω apallotrioō old word from Plato on, to estrange, to render αλλοτριος allotrios (belonging to another), alienated from God, a vivid picture of heathenism as in Romans 1:20-23. Only other N.T. examples in Ephesians 2:12; Ephesians 4:18. Ενεμιες Enemies Old word from εχτος echthos (hatred). Active sense here, hostile as in Matthew 13:28; Romans 8:7, not passive hateful (Romans 11:28). In your mind (τηι διανοιαι tēi dianoiāi). Locative case. Διανοια Dianoia (δια νους diaεν τοις εργοις τοις πονηροις nous), mind, intent, purpose. Old word. It is always a tragedy to see men use their minds actively against God. In your evil works Hostile purpose finds natural expression in evil deeds. [source]
Comp. Revelation 3:1; Ephesians 4:18. “Life in worldly pleasure is only life in appearance” (Holtzmann). [source]
The “new” one of Hebrews 8:8. That I will make Future middle of διατιτημι diatithēmi “that I will covenant,” cognate accusative “Giving,” present active participle of διδωμι didōmi to give. Into their mind Their intellect, their moral understanding, all the intellect as in Aristotle (Colossians 1:21; Ephesians 4:18). On their heart Either genitive singular or accusative plural. Καρδια Kardia is the seat of man‘s personal life (Westcott), the two terms covering the whole of man‘s inward nature. A god Note the Hebraistic use of εις eis in the predicate instead of the usual nominative τεος theos as in “a people” This was the ideal of the old covenant (Exodus 6:7), now at last to be a fact. [source]
Usual negative μη mē with the participle (present direct middle of συνσχηματιζω sunschēmatizō a rare (Aristotle, Plutarch) compound See Philemon 2:6. for contrast between μορπη schēma (pattern) and ταις προτερον επιτυμιαις morphē (form).According to your former lusts (συνσχηματιζομενοι tais proteron epithumiais). Associative instrumental case after επιτυμια sunschēmatizomenoi and the bad sense of εν τηι αγνοιαι υμων epithumia as in 1 Peter 4:2; 2 Peter 1:4; James 1:14.In the time of your ignorance “In your ignorance,” but in attributive position before “lusts.” αγνοεω Agnoia (from agnoeō to be ignorant) is old word, in N.T. only here, Acts 3:17; Acts 17:30; Ephesians 4:18. [source]
“In your ignorance,” but in attributive position before “lusts.” αγνοεω Agnoia (from agnoeō to be ignorant) is old word, in N.T. only here, Acts 3:17; Acts 17:30; Ephesians 4:18. [source]
Here alone in John‘s writings, but in Paul (Ephesians 4:18) and Peter (1 Peter 1:13). John does not use γνωσις gnōsis (knowledge) and νους nous (mind) only in Revelation 13:18; Revelation 17:9.That we know (ινα γινωσκομεν hina ginōskomen). Result clause with ινα hina and the present active indicative, as is common with ινα hina and the future indicative (John 7:3). It is possible that here ο o was pronounced ω ō as a subjunctive, but many old MSS. have ινα γινωσκουσιν hina ginōskousin (plainly indicative) in John 17:3, and in many other places in the N.T. the present indicative with ινα hina occurs as a variant reading as in John 5:20.Him that is true That is, God. Cf. 1 John 1:8.In him that is true (εν τωι αλητινωι en tōi alēthinōi). In God in contrast with the world “in the evil one” (1 John 5:19). See John 17:3.Even in his Son Jesus Christ The αυτου autou refers clearly to εν τωι αλητινωι en tōi alēthinōi (God). Hence this clause is not in apposition with the preceding, but an explanation as to how we are “in the True One” by being “in his Son Jesus Christ.”This (ουτος houtos). Grammatically ουτος houtos may refer to Jesus Christ or to “the True One.” It is a bit tautological to refer it to God, but that is probably correct, God in Christ, at any rate. God is eternal life (John 5:26) and he gives it to us through Christ. [source]
The plague of demonic locusts is here turned loose. Καμινος Kaminos is old word for a smelting-furnace, already in Revelation 1:15.Were darkened (εσκοτωτη eskotōthē). First aorist passive indicative of σκοτοω skotoō old causative verb from σκοτος skotos in N.T. only here, Revelation 16:10; Ephesians 4:18.By reason of “Out of,” as a result of (Revelation 8:13). [source]
First aorist passive indicative of σκοτοω skotoō old causative verb from σκοτος skotos in N.T. only here, Revelation 16:10; Ephesians 4:18. [source]